Women's employment status in Indonesia: An intersectionality-informed analysis of disability, household characteristics, and socioeconomic factors https://doi.org/10.35719/an-nisa.v19i1.467 Authors Putri Meliza Sari Universitas PGRI Sumatera Barat, Padang, Indonesia Rowiyah Asengbaramae Fatoni University, Pattani, Thailand Egi Kurniawan Inspectorate of West Sumatra Province, Padang, Indonesia Women's Employment Status, Intersectionality, Disability, Household Characteristics, Socioeconomic Factors Abstract How to Cite Metrics References Similar Articles Women's employment in Indonesia reflects inequalities associated with disability, household characteristics, socioeconomic resources, and residential location. This study examines differences in women's employment status by disability and assesses the associations between individual, household, and socioeconomic characteristics and seven employment categories. Using cross-sectional data from the 2021 Indonesian National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas), covering 207,276 women aged 15 years and older, the study employs descriptive analysis and multinomial logistic regression, with salaried employment as the reference category. Intersectionality serves as an interpretive framework. The findings show that women with disabilities have a lower proportion of salaried employment and a higher proportion of self-employment than women without disabilities. After controlling for other characteristics, disability is associated with a higher relative risk ratio for unpaid family work compared with salaried employment (RRR = 1.136). Household-head status and domestic workload are associated with higher relative risk ratios in selected non-salaried employment categories, while education is negatively associated with all six alternative categories. Work-related digital technology use shows negative associations with most employment categories but a positive association with self-employment involving permanent paid workers. Residential location also exhibits varying associations across employment categories. These findings highlight the differentiated relationships between women's employment status and individual, household, and socioeconomic characteristics. The study contributes an intersectionality-informed assessment of employment inequality and provides evidence to inform disability-inclusive employment policies, caregiving support, digital skills development, and geographically responsive employment programs. The cross-sectional findings do not establish causal relationships or statistical interactions. . Sari, P. M., Asengbaramae, R., & Kurniawan, E. (2026). Women’s employment status in Indonesia: An intersectionality-informed analysis of disability, household characteristics, and socioeconomic factors. 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A German study on public stigma towards informal long-term caregivers of older individuals. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1868. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11955-7 Downloads Full Text (English) 2026-07-15 Vol. 19 No. 1 (2026): An-Nisa' Journal of Gender Studies Section Articles Copyright (c) 2026 Putri Meliza Sari, Rowiyah Asengbaramae, Egi Kurniawan This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. How to Cite Sari, P. M., Asengbaramae, R., & Kurniawan, E. (2026). Women’s employment status in Indonesia: An intersectionality-informed analysis of disability, household characteristics, and socioeconomic factors. An-Nisa’ Journal of Gender Studies, 19(1), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.35719/an-nisa.v19i1.467 More Citation Formats ACM ACS APA ABNT Chicago Harvard IEEE MLA Turabian Vancouver AMA Download Citation Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX
