Feminism as a Trigger for Change in the Dynamics of Danjyo Kankei and the Unmarried Trend in Japan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35719/annisa.v17i2.306The patriarchal culture that develops in Japanese society can be seen from the smallest or basic scope, namely the family, all decisions in the family are made by men as the head of the family who must be obeyed so that the things that women have to do will depend on men. Although the unmarried trend focuses more on women, many Japanese men also commit this act. The formulation of the problem in this research is how the incoming feminism can change the dynamics of Danjyo Kankei and trigger the unmarried trend in Japan. The method used in this research is qualitative and the data sources used are primary and secondary. The theories and concepts used are Feminism and Danjyo Kankei. The purpose of this research is to analyze how the process of the entry of feminism then its influence and what impact the unmarried trend has on people's lives in Japan. The results of our research show that feminism can change the dynamics of Danjyo Kankei and become one of the triggers for the rise of the unmarried trend in Japan.
References
Abera, M., Nega, A., Tefera, Y., & Gelagay, A. A. (2020). Early Marriage And Women’s Empowerment: The Case Of Child-Brides In Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. BMC International Health And Human Rights, 20(1), 30. Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/S12914-020-00249-5
Anisa, D., & Erna Ikawati. (2021). Posisi Perempuan Dalam Hukum Keluarga Islam Di Indonesia (Analisis Kompilasi Hukum Islam Kajian Gender Dan Feminisme). Jurnal Kajian Gender Dan Anak, 5(1), 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24952/gender.v5i1.3730
Anisah Hasan, & Irwan, S. (2015). Anak Perempuan Dalam Keluarga Suarni. Jurnal Equailibrium, 3(1), 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/hawapsga.v6i1.4286
Aranda, M. P., Kremer, I. N., Hinton, L., Zissimopoulos, J., Whitmer, R. A., Hummel, C. H., Trejo, L., & Fabius, C. (2021). Impact Of Dementia: Health Disparities, Population Trends, Care Interventions, And Economic Costs. Journal Of The American Geriatrics Society, 69(7), 1774–1783. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Jgs.17345
Arvin, M. B., Pradhan, R. P., & Nair, M. S. (2021). Are there links between institutional quality, government expenditure, tax revenue and economic growth? Evidence from low-income and lower middle-income countries. Economic Analysis and Policy, 70, 468–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.03.011
Buchmeier, Y., & Vogt, G. (2024). The Aging Democracy: Demographic Effects, Political Legitimacy, And The Quest For Generational Pluralism. Perspectives On Politics, 22(1), 168–180. Https://Doi.Org/10.1017/S1537592723000981
Buchmeier, Y., & Vogt, G. (2024). The Aging Democracy: Demographic Effects, Political Legitimacy, and the Quest for Generational Pluralism. Perspectives on Politics, 22(1), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592723000981
Bullock, J. C. (2019). The Other Women’s Lib. University of Hawaii Press. https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/the-other-womens-lib-gender-and-body-in-japanese-womens-fiction/
Bullock, J. C., Kano, A., & Welker, J. (2018). Introduction of Rethinking Japanese Feminism. JSTOR; University of Hawai’i Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3zp07j.4
Carr, D., & Utz, R. L. (2020). Families In Later Life: A Decade In Review. Journal Of Marriage And Family, 82(1), 346–363. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Jomf.12609
Coghill, D., Banaschewski, T., Cortese, S., Asherson, P., Brandeis, D., Buitelaar, J., Daley, D., Danckaerts, M., Dittmann, R. W., Doepfner, M., Ferrin, M., Hollis, C., Holtmann, M., Paramala, S., Sonuga-Barke, E., Soutullo, C., Steinhausen, H.-C., Van der Oord, S., Wong, I. C. K., … Simonoff, E. (2023). The management of ADHD in children and adolescents: bringing evidence to the clinic: perspective from the European ADHD Guidelines Group (EAGG). European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(8), 1337–1361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01871-x
Crabtree, C., & Muroga, K. (2021). Measuring Gender Role Attitudes in Japan. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 7(1), 237802312110577. https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231211057719
Davies, R. J., & Ikeno, O. (2011). Japanese Mind: Understanding Contemporary Japanese Culture. In Google Books. Tuttle Publishing. https://www.amazon.com/Japanese-Mind-Understanding-Contemporary-Culture/dp/0804832951
De Clercq, D., & Brieger, S. A. (2022). When Discrimination Is Worse, Autonomy Is Key: How Women Entrepreneurs Leverage Job Autonomy Resources To Find Work–Life Balance. Journal Of Business Ethics, 177(3), 665–682. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S10551-021-04735-1
Dunne, T., Milja Kurki, & Smith, S. (2013). International relations theories : Discipline and diversity. Oxford UniversityPress.https://www.academia.edu/10064301/_HIN_100504_International_Relations_Theories_Tim_Dunne_Milja_Kurki_Steve_Smith
Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia in Tokyo Japan. (2018). 在本邦インドネシア共和国大使館 in Tokyo ミクロネシア連邦大使館と兼轄しています Japan. Kementerian Luar Negeri Repulik Indonesia. https://kemlu.go.id/tokyo/lc/pages/perhitungan_pajak_di_jepang/4345/etc-menu
FAISON, E. (2018). Women’s Rights as Proletarian Rights: Yamakawa Kikue, Suffrage, and the “Dawn of Liberation” (J. C. Bullock, A. Kano, & J. Welker, Eds.). JSTOR; University of Hawai’i Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3zp07j.6
Fang, E. F., Xie, C., Schenkel, J. A., Wu, C., Long, Q., Cui, H., Aman, Y., Frank, J., Liao, J., Zou, H., Wang, N. Y., Wu, J., Liu, X., Li, T., Fang, Y., Niu, Z., Yang, G., Hong, J., Wang, Q., … Woo, J. (2020). A Research Agenda For Ageing In China In The 21st Century (2nd Edition): Focusing On Basic And Translational Research, Long-Term Care, Policy And Social Networks. Ageing Research Reviews, 64, 101174. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Arr.2020.101174
Fukuda, S., Raymo, J. M., & Yoda, S. (2020). Revisiting the Educational Gradient in Marriage in Japan. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(4), 1378–1396. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12648
Ghaznavi, C., Sakamoto, H., Nomura, S., Kubota, A., Daisuke Yoneoka, Shibuya, K., & Ueda, P. (2022). Fish in the sea: Number, characteristics, and partner preferences of unmarried Japanese adults - analysis of a national survey. PLoS ONE, 17(2), e0262528–e0262528. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262528
Hamasaki, Y., Dorard, G., Tajan, G., & N.Pionnié‑Dax. (2023). Gender gap-related issues among mothers revealed by a comparative study of adolescent hikikomori between Japan and France. European Psychiatry 66(S1):S279-S280. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.631
Hanim, H. (2020). Peranan Wanita Dalam Islam Dan Feminisme Barat. At-Tarbawi, 7(2), 148–161. https://doi.org/10.32505/tarbawi.v7i2.1846
Harisuddin, M. N. (2015). Pemikiran Feminis Muslim Di Indonesia Tentang Fiqh Perempuan. Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 15(2), 237. Https://Doi.Org/10.21154/Al-Tahrir.V15i2.265
Harun AR, M. Q. (2015). Rethinking Peran Perempuan Dalam Keluarga. KARSA: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Keislaman, 23(1), 17. Https://Doi.Org/10.19105/Karsa.V23i1.607
Hastings, O. P., & Schneider, D. (2021). Family Structure And Inequalities In Parents’ Financial Investments In Children. Journal Of Marriage And Family, 83(3), 717–736. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Jomf.12741
Imamah, F. M. (2023). Dinamika Feminisme Islam Dalam Mendefinisikan Perempuan. Martabat: Jurnal Perempuan Dan Anak, 6(2), 167–198. Https://Doi.Org/10.21274/Martabat.2022.6.2.167-198
Indun, R. (2018). Feminisme Sebagai Gerakan Perjuangan Wanita Pasca Restorasi Meiji. Prosiding Seminar Hasil Penelitian Semester Ganjil 2017/2018. http://repository.unsada.ac.id/id/eprint/1750
International Labour Organization. (1947, April 7). Labor Standards Act (Act No. 49 of April 7, 1947). Www.ilo.org; International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/2018/Labor%20Standards%20Act%20-%20www.cas.go.jp%20version.pdf
Ismiati. (2018). Ismiati, Pengaruh Stereotype Gender Terhadap Konsep Diri Perempuan. TAKAMMUL: Jurnal Studi Gender Dan Islam Serta Perlindungan Anak, , 7(1), 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/takammul.v1i2.2460
Jones, N., Presler-Marshall, E., Kassahun, G., & Kebede Hateu, M. (2020). Constrained Choices: Exploring The Complexities Of Adolescent Girls’ Voice And Agency In Child Marriage Decisions In Ethiopia. Progress In Development Studies, 20(4), 296–311. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/1464993420958215
Khuseini, A. A. (2018). Institusi Keluarga Perspektif Feminisme. TSAQAFAH, 13(2), 297. Https://Doi.Org/10.21111/Tsaqafah.V13i2.1510
Kridahl, L., & Duvander, A.-Z. (2023). Financial Disagreements And Money Management Among Older Married And Cohabiting Couples In Sweden. Journal Of Family And Economic Issues, 44(2), 394–411. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S10834-022-09846-Z
Kroløkke, C., & Anne Scott Sørensen. (2006). Gender communication theories & analyses : from silence to performance. Sage, Cop. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452233086
Lesthaeghe, R. (2020). The Second Demographic Transition, 1986–2020: Sub-Replacement Fertility And Rising Cohabitation—A Global Update. Genus, 76(1), 10. Https://Doi.Org/10.1186/S41118-020-00077-4
Locher, B., & Prugl, E. (2001). Feminism and Constructivism: Worlds Apart or Sharing the Middle Ground? International Studies Quarterly, 45(1), 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/0020-8833.00184
Lukyantseva, P. (2023). The Evolution of Feminism in Japan: Issues of Gender and the Perception of Japanese Women. Sexuality and Gender Studies Journal, 1(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.33422/sgsj.v1i1.194
Lukyantseva, P. A. (2023). Feminism in Modern Japan: A Historical Review of Japanese Women’s Issues on Gender. Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol25/iss2/8/
Luthfiyah, N. (2015). Feminisme Islam Di Indonesia. ESENSIA: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin, 16(1), 75–88. Https://Doi.Org/10.14421/Esensia.V16i1.988
Martin, L. J. (2021). Delaying, Debating And Declining Motherhood. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 23(8), 1034–1049. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/13691058.2020.1755452
Matsui, M. (1990). Evolution of the Feminist Movement in Japan. NWSA Journal, 2(3), 435–449. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4316048
Matsuyama, S. (2022, June 15). More Japanese people choose to remain single, report shows | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis. The Asahi Shimbun. https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14645548
Maxson, H. (2018). From “Motherhood in the Interest of the State” to Motherhood in the Interest of Mothers: Rethinking the First Mothers’ Congress (J. C. Bullock, A. Kano, & J. Welker, Eds.). JSTOR; University of Hawai’i Press. http://www.jstor.com/stable/j.ctv3zp07j.7
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. (2023a). ◇結婚は1分2秒に1組 We have one newly-married couple in every 1 minute 2 seconds Marriages Marriages. In Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/youran/aramashi/kekkon.pdf
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. (2023b). 厚生労働統計のあらまし 厚生労働統計のあらまし. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/youran/aramashi/all.pdf
Mitsuki. (2021, August 31). Fakta Menarik Ohitorisama, Budaya Single di Jepang. Nippon Bako. https://nipponbako.com/blogs/fakta-menarik-ohitorisama-budaya-single-di-jepang
Moleong, L. J. (2007). Metodologi penelitian kualitatif. Pt Remaja Rosdakarya. https://elibrary.bsi.ac.id/readbook/205827/metodologi-penelitian-kualitatif
Molony, B. (2018). Feminism in Japan. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.194
Mutiah, R. (2019). Sistem Patriarki Dan Kekerasan Atas Perempuan. Komunitas, 10(1), 58–74. Https://Doi.Org/10.20414/Komunitas.V10i1.1191
Nazah, F. N. (2020). Posisi Perempuan Menurut Perspektif Kompilasi Hukum Islam Di Indonesia (Kajian Gender Dan Feminisme). Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum Dan Keadilan, 7(2), 271–290. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/hawapsga.v6i1.4286
Ni Komang Arie Suwastini. (2013). Perkembangan Feminisme Barat Dari Abad Kedelapan Belas Hingga Postfeminisme : Sebuah Tinjauan Teoretis, . Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 2(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.23887/jish-undiksha.v2i1.1408
Nugroho, D., Alfarisy, F., Kurniawan, A., & Sarita, E. (2022). Tren Childfree dan Unmarried di kalangan Masyarakat Jepang | COMSERVA: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat. Comserva.publikasiindonesia.id, 1(11). https://comserva.publikasiindonesia.id/index.php/comserva/article/view/153/146
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2022). GDP and spending - Gross domestic product (GDP) - OECD Data. OECD. https://data.oecd.org/gdp/gross-domestic-product-gdp.htm
Pascale, S. (2023, April 20). Women’s land rights: a case study of two matrilineal societies: Zomba and West Sumatra. Tesi.luiss.it. https://tesi.luiss.it/id/eprint/35997
Polina Lukyantseva. (2023). The Evolution of Feminism in Japan: Issues of Gender and the Perception of Japanese Women. Sexuality and Gender Studies Journal, 1(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.33422/sgsj.v1i1.194
Prasetyo, K. B. (2010). Membaca Diskursus Post-Feminisme Melalui Novel “Perempuan Di Titik Nol.” Komunitas, 2(2). Https://Doi.Org/10.15294/Komunitas.V2i2.2283
Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. (1947, May 3). The Constitution of Japan. Kantei.go.jp. https://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html
Raymo, J. M., Uchikoshi, F., & Yoda, S. (2021). Marriage intentions, desires, and pathways to later and less marriage in Japan. Demographic Research, 44(1), 67–98. https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2021.44.3
Rif’at, D. F., & Nurwahidin, N. (2022). Feminisme Dan Kesetaraan Gender Dalam Kajian Islam Kontemporer. Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 7(1), 172. Https://Doi.Org/10.36418/Syntax-Literate.V7i1.6038
Rosadi, A. (2011). Feminisme Islam: Kontekstualisasi Prinsip-Prinsip Ajaran Islam Dalam Relasi Gender. Kafa`Ah: Journal Of Gender Studies, 1(1), 1. Https://Doi.Org/10.15548/Jk.V1i1.33
Ryall Tokyo, J. (2022, June 24). Why are young Japanese rejecting marriage? – DW – 06/24/2022. Dw.com. https://www.dw.com/en/why-are-young-japanese-rejecting-marriage/a-62248097
Sakina, A. I., & A., D. H. S. (2017). Menyoroti Budaya Patriarki Di Indonesia. Share : Social Work Journal, 7(1), 71. Https://Doi.Org/10.24198/Share.V7i1.13820
Sari, E. K., & Fikri Zufar, B. N. (2021). Perempuan Pencari Nafkah Selama Pandemi Covid-19. Al-Mada: Jurnal Agama, Sosial, Dan Budaya, 4(1), 13–29. Https://Doi.Org/10.31538/Almada.V4i1.1106
Sassler, S., & Lichter, D. T. (2020). Cohabitation And Marriage: Complexity And Diversity In Union‐Formation Patterns. Journal Of Marriage And Family, 82(1), 35–61. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Jomf.12617
Septiawan Santana K. (2010). Menulis ilmiah : metodologi penelitian kualitatif. Yayasan Penerbit Muhammad Zaini. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376828943_Metodologi_Penelitian_Kualitatif
Shimizu, A. (1987). Ie and Dozoku: Family and Descent in Japan. Current Anthropology, 28(S4), S85–S90. https://doi.org/10.1086/203593
Sidani, Y. (2005). Women, Work, And Islam In Arab Societies. Women In Management Review, 20(7), 498–512. Https://Doi.Org/10.1108/09649420510624738
Smock, P. J., & Schwartz, C. R. (2020). The Demography Of Families: A Review Of Patterns And Change. Journal Of Marriage And Family, 82(1), 9–34. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Jomf.12612
Srivastava, R. (2020). Labour Migration, Vulnerability, and Development Policy: The Pandemic as Inflexion Point? The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 63(4), 859–883. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41027-020-00301-x
Statistics Bureau of Japan. (2022). Statistics Bureau Home Page/4. Marital status. Www.stat.go.jp. https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/kokusei/2000/kihon1/00/04.html
Statistics Bureau, Ministry Of Internal Affairs And Communications. (2023). Statistical Handbook of Japan 2023 (pp. 18–19). Editorial: Tokyo, Japan: Statistics Bureau, Ministry Of Internal Affairs And Communications. https://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/pdf/2023all.pdf
Sumiyatiningsih, D. (2013). Pergeseran Peran Laki-Laki Dan Perempuan Dalam Kajian Feminis. WASKITA: Jurnal Studi Agama Dan Masyarakat, 4(2), 139–154.
Truong, D., & Truong, M. D. (2022). How Do Customers Change Their Purchasing Behaviors During The COVID-19 Pandemic? Journal Of Retailing And Consumer Services, 67, 102963. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Jretconser.2022.102963
Van Heerde, H. J., & Dekimpe, M. G. (2024). Household And Retail Panel Data In Retailing Research: Time For A Renaissance? Journal Of Retailing, 100(1), 104–113. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Jretai.2024.02.004
WARITS, A. (2017). Reorientasi Gerakan Feminisme Islam; Sebuah Upaya Membangun Kesetaraan Perempuan. FIKROTUNA, 3(1). Https://Doi.Org/10.32806/Jf.V3i1.2710
Wei, L. D. (2022, September 14). Record low number of young singles in Japan plan to marry, survey says. The Japan Times. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/09/14/national/marriage-record-low/
Wibowo, H. R., Ratnaningsih, M., Goodwin, N. J., Ulum, D. F., & Minnick, E. (2021). One Household, Two Worlds: Differences Of Perception Towards Child Marriage Among Adolescent Children And Adults In Indonesia. The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific, 8, 100103. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Lanwpc.2021.100103
Wulandari, E. H. (2015). Gerakan Feminisme Jepang Studi tentang Gerakan Protes Ketidakadilan terhadap Perempuan pada Awal Zaman Modern. Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/wacana/vol5/iss1/2/
Xinhua. (2022, June 15). Over 25% of Japanese singles in their 30s not willing to marry: survey - Global Times. Www.globaltimes.cn. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202206/1268172.shtml
Yamada, A. (2024). Gender Inequality in the Workplace in Japan. International Journal of Sociology, 8(2), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.47604/ijs.2592
Yaqin, A. (2016). Integrasi Ilmu Agama Dan Sains (Kajian Atas Pemikiran Al-Ghazālī). Islamuna: Jurnal Studi Islam, 3(1), 37–55. Https://Doi.Org/10.19105/Islamuna.V3i1.946
Yulanda, A. (2020). Epistemologi Keilmuan Integratif-Interkonektif M. Amin Abdullah Dan Implementasinya Dalam Keilmuan Islam. TAJDID: Jurnal Ilmu Ushuluddin, 18(1), 79–104. Https://Doi.Org/10.30631/Tjd.V18i1.87
Zou, L., Shen, J. H., Zhang, J., & Lee, C. (2022). What Is The Rationale Behind China’s Infrastructure Investment Under The Belt And Road Initiative? Journal Of Economic Surveys, 36(3), 605–633. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Joes.12427
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Awalia Dhia Nisrina, Rahma Sintya Devi, Dina Pasya Surayya, Rahma Ning Tias, Grace Evelyn Turnip, Septyanto Galan Prakoso
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
AN-NISA licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.