Gender Problems in Indonesia: The Phenomenon of Gamophobia in a Permissive Society
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35719/annisa.v17i1.245
The global discourse on sex recession has grown increasingly intense, accompanied by a rising trend of singlehood among individuals. United Nations data reveals a 1% decline in the global population, reflecting this shift. Alarming statistics show that 64.65% of millennials choose to remain unmarried, avoiding marital commitment. This article examines gamophobia as a social pathology within permissive marriage cultures. In this context, “permissive” refers to the tendency to legalize actions based on individual rights and personal freedom. The study explores various causes of gamophobia, emphasizing that marriage should not be feared or overly debated within the framework of gender dynamics. Employing a literature review approach, this article delves into gamophobia in permissive societies, analyzing its complexities through gender perspectives and social norms. Gamophobia manifests as a fear of committed relationships, shaped by broader cultural and societal constructs. It presents psychological challenges while reflecting deeply rooted gender roles and social expectations. Addressing the negative impact of gamophobia requires a holistic response involving government institutions, educational bodies, civil society, and individuals. The article also proposes several solutions, including the author’s recommendation to reevaluate pre-marital constructs for the greater good of society. In conclusion, this article offers valuable insights into the understanding of gamophobia within permissive societies and highlights the importance of a multidimensional strategy to cultivate healthier perceptions of marriage and long-term commitment.
References
Abraham, M. (2019). Gender-role Incongruity and Audience-based Gender Bias: An Examination of Networking among Entrepreneurs. Administrative Science Quarterly, 65(1), 151-180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839219832813
Adamczyk, K. (2018). Direct And Indirect Effects Of Relationship Status Through Unmet Need To Belong And Fear Of Being Single On Young Adults' Romantic Loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.011
Adamczyk, K., Trepanowski, R., Celejewska, A. et al. (2021). The Polish Adaptation And Further Validation Of The Fear Of Being Single Scale (FBSS). Curr Psychol 40, 2499–2509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00192-2
Adriani, D., & Yustini, T. (2021). Anticipating The Demographic Bonus From The Perspective Of Human Capital In Indonesia. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 10(6), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i6.1377
Aisy, N. H., Setyaningrum, A., Itriyati, F., & Madya, S. H. (2021). Wacana ‘Gamophobia’ Di Media Sosial Twitter: Analisis Wacana Kritis Gamophobia Melalui Narasi Influencer. Repository Universitas Gadjah Mada. Http://Etd.Repository.Ugm.Ac.Id/
Amato, P. R., & Previti, D. (2003). People’s Reasons For Divorcing: Gender, Social Class, The Life Course And Adjustment. Journal Of Family Issues, 5(24), 608–623. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/0192513X03254507
Anderson, T., & Kohler, H. P. (2013). Education Fever And The East Asian Fertility Puzzle: A Case Study Of Low Fertility In South Korea. Asian Population Studies, 9(2), 196–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2013.797293
Aqiqa, I. H., & Sofyan, A. (2024). Tinjauan Hukum Keluarga Terhadap Fenomena Kekhawatiran Para Janda Untuk Menikah Kembali. Mitsaq: Islamic Family Law Journal, 2(1), 126–150. https://doi.org/10.21093/jm.v2i1.7142
Arifin, S. M., & Fardiah, D. (2023). Pengaruh Terpaan Berita Kasus KDRT Pada Media Sosial Tiktok Terhadap Pengambilan Keputusan Tidak Menikah Muda. Bandung Conference Series: Public Relations, 3(2), 450–458. Https://Doi.Org/10.29313/Bcspr.V3i2.7595
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging Adulthood: A Theory Of Development From The Late Teens Through The Twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
Avison, M., & Furnham, A. (2015). Personality And Voluntary Childlessness. J Pop Research 32, 45–67 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-014-9140-6
Boateng, A. C. O., Webster, J., & Richmond, T. S. (2023). Spiritual Coping Behaviors Among Injured Urban Black Men In Philadelphia. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 46, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2023.08.004
Brands, R. A., & Fernandez-Mateo, I. (2016). Leaning Out: How Negative Recruitment Experiences Shape Women’s Decisions to Compete for Executive Roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 62(3), 405-442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839216682728
Braun, V., and V. Clarke. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Cai, M. (2023). For the Sake of Parents? Marriages of Convenience between Lesbians and Gay Men in China. LGBTQ+ Family: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 19(3), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/27703371.2023.2172509
Chang, J. N. (2024). Why Do Chinese Women Experience Gamophobia? Psychoanalytic Theory Assisted Discourses Analysis. Frontiers In Psychology, 15, 1–11. Https://Doi.Org/10.3389/Fpsyg.2024.1357795
Chataway, M. L., & Hart, T. C. (2018). A Social-Psychological Process of “Fear of Crime” for Men and Women: Revisiting Gender Differences from a New Perspective. Victims & Offenders, 14(2), 143–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2018.1552221
Copen, C. E., Daniels, K., Vespa, J., & Mosher, W. D. (2012). First Marriages In The United States: Data From The 2006-2010 National Survey Of Family Growth. National health statistics reports, (49), 1–21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22803221/
Cuevas, J. (2015). Is Learning Styles-Based Instruction Effective? A Comprehensive Analysis Of Recent Research On Learning Styles. Theory and Research in Education, 13(3), 308-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878515606621
Dollahite, D. C., Layton, E., Bahr, H. M., Walker, A. B., & Thatcher, J. Y. (2009). Giving Up Something Good for Something Better: Sacred Sacrifices Made by Religious Youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24(6), 691-725. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558409343463
Dommaraju, P., & Tan, J. (2023). Going Against Global Marriage Trends: The Declining Age At First Marriage In Indonesia. Asian Population Studies, 20(2), 144–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2023.2193488
Doyle, P., Quayle, E., & Newman, E. (2017). Social Climate In Forensic Mental Health Settings: A Systematic Review Of Qualitative Studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 36, 118–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.06.008
Fauzia, L., & Sabil, F. A. (2021). Identifikasi Perbedaan Status Emosional Pada Perawat Yang Belum Menikah Dan Setelah Menikah Yang Terlibat Dalam Perawatan COVID-19. Jurnal Ilmiah, 1, 499–506. Https://Doi.Org/10.35892/Jimpk.V2i2.770
Fotaki, M., & Pullen, A. (2023). Feminist Theories and Activist Practices in Organization Studies. Organization Studies, 45(4), 593-616. https://doi.org/10.1177/01708406231209861
Gardner, D. L., Huber, C. H., Steiner, R., Vazquez, L. A., & Savage, T. A. (2008). The Development and Validation of the Inventory of Family Protective Factors: A Brief Assessment for Family Counseling. The Family Journal, 16(2), 107-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480708314259
George, M. (2008). The Elements Of Library Research: What Every Student Needs To Know. Https://Doi.Org/10.1515/9781400830411
Giblin, P. (1996). Family Strengths. The Family Journal, 4(4), 339-346. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480796044008
Girme, Y. U., Park, Y., & MacDonald, G. (2023). Coping or Thriving? Reviewing Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Societal Factors Associated With Well-Being in Singlehood From a Within-Group Perspective. Perspectives on psychological science: a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 18(5), 1097–1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916221136119
Grabbe, L., Duva, I., Jackson, D., Johnson, R., & Schwartz, D. (2023). The Impact Of The Community Resiliency Model (CRM) On The Mental Well-Being Of Youth At Risk For Violence: A Study Protocol. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 46, 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2023.08.002
Hammarström, L., Devik, S. A., Hellzén, O., & Häggström, M. (2020). The Path Of Compassion In Forensic Psychiatry. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34(6), 435–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.07.027
Hartatiningsih, S., Sumarjoko, & Ulfa, H. (2022). Fenomena Pantangan Menikah Di Bulan Suro Prespektif Hukum. Amorti: Jurnal Studi Islam Interdisipliner, 1(2), 68–78. Https://Journal.Amorfati.Id/Index.Php/Amorti
Herland, M. D. (2021). Emotional Intelligence As A Part Of Critical Reflection In Social Work Practice And Research. Qualitative Social Work, 21(4), 662-678. https://doi.org/10.1177/14733250211024734
Hermawati, W. (2018). Gender Dalam Ilmu Pengetahuan Dan Teknologi (Cet. Pe.). LIPI Press. Https://Doi.Org/10.55981/Brin.116
Hörberg, U., Otteborn, H., & Syrén, S. (2023). Family Orientation In Forensic Psychiatric Care: An Uncertain Foundation Of Distrust. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 46, 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2023.08.006
Hurt, T. R. (2012). Toward a Deeper Understanding of the Meaning of Marriage Among Black Men. Journal of Family Issues, 34(7), 859-884. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12451737
Jiang, Q., Li, S., & Feldman, M. W. (2013). China's Population Policy at the Crossroads: Social Impacts and Prospects. Asian journal of social science, 41(2), 193–218. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314-12341298
Johansson, S., & Haandrikman, K. (2021). Gendered Fear Of Crime In The Urban Context: A Comparative Multilevel Study Of Women’s And Men’s Fear Of Crime. Journal of Urban Affairs, 45(7), 1238–1264. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2021.1923372
Kasim, S. A., Katuuk, H., & Wahyuni, S. (2024). Pengaruh edukasi kesehatan mental terhadap perilaku pencegahan cyberbullying pada remaja di kelas X SMK Dewi Laut Bitung. Vitamin: Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Umum, 1(4), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.61132/vitamin.v1i4.103
Kefalas, M. J., Furstenberg, F. F., Carr, P. J., & Napolitano, L. (2011). Marriage Is More Than Being Together: The Meaning of Marriage for Young Adults. Journal of Family Issues, 32(7), 845-875. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X10397277
Keldal, G., & Şeker, G. (2021). Marriage or Career? Young Adults’ Priorities in Their Life Plans. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 50(5), 459–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2021.1915213
Kislev, E. (2023). Singlehood as an Identity. European Review of Social Psychology, 35(2), 258–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2023.2241937
Lambert, N. M., & Dollahite, D. C. (2007). The Threefold Cord: Marital Commitment in Religious Couples. Journal of Family Issues, 29(5), 592-614. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X07308395
Larasati, N. P. A. (2021). Gender Inequality In Indonesia: Facts And Legal Analysis. Law Research Review Quarterly, 7(4), 445–458. Https://Doi.Org/10.15294/Lrrq.V7i4.48170
Lee, B. S., Klein, J., Wohar, M., & Kim, S. (2020). Factors Delaying Marriage In Korea: An Analysis Of The Korean Population Census Data For 1990–2010. Asian Population Studies, 17(1), 71–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2020.1781380
Leonhardt, N. D., Willoughby, B. J., Carroll, J. S., Astle, S., & Powner, J. (2020). ‘We Want To Be Married On Our Own Terms’: Non-University Emerging Adults’ Marital Beliefs And Differences Between Men And Women. Journal of Family Studies, 28(2), 629–651. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2020.1747520
Lutfiyah, I., & Maksum, M. (2023). Makna Childfree Dalam Rangka Mengurangi Fertilitas Pada Pasangan Siap Menikah. Panoptikon: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Politik, 2(2), 92–106. Https://E-Journal.Fisipol-Undar.Ac.Id/Index.Php/Panoptikon/Article/View/27/20
Lwamba, E., Shisler, S., Ridlehoover, W., Kupfer, M., Tshabalala, N., Nduku, P., Langer, L., Grant, S., Sonnenfeld, A., Anda, D., Eyers, J., & Snilstveit, B. (2022). Strengthening Women's Empowerment And Gender Equality In Fragile Contexts Towards Peaceful And Inclusive Societies: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis. Campbell systematic reviews, 18(1), e1214. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1214
Mahmoodi, F. (2011). The Relationship Between The Coping Styles With Stress And Marital Satisfaction And Their Comparison Among Female Student And Normal Population Of Women In Tehran. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1301–1302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.252
Manning, W. D., Smock, P. J., & Fettro, M. N. (2019). Cohabitation and Marital Expectations among Single Millennials in the U.S. Population research and policy review, 38(3), 327–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-018-09509-8
Matsuda, S., Sasaki, T., Shin, J., & Bae, J. (2023). Deterioration In Youth Employment, Social Contexts, And Marriage Decline In Japan And South Korea. Asian Population Studies, 20(2), 203–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2023.2211402
Mehta, C. M., & Dementieva, Y. (2017). The Contextual Specificity of Gender: Femininity and Masculinity in College Students’ Same- and Other-Gender Peer Contexts. Sex Roles 76, 604–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0632-z
Mujiwati, Y., Pradini, P. M., Safiudin, K., Hadad, Q. R., Warliana, L., & Fasolina, N. A. (2022). Human Diversity And Equality: Keberagaman Dan Kesetaraan Manusia. Penerbit PT Teguh Ikhyak Properti Seduluran (Penerbit TIPS). Https://Doi.Org/10.26418/Jppkn.V4i2.67245
Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2023). A Step-by-Step Process of Thematic Analysis to Develop a Conceptual Model in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231205789
Nanik, N., & Natalya, L. (2022). Efek Mediasi Ketakutan Menjadi Lajang Dalam Hubungan Antara Stereotip Negatif Dan Kesejahteraan Psikologi Perempuan Lajang. Persona: Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia, 11(1). Https://Doi.Org/10.30996/Persona.V11i1.5255
Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
Nurkinanti, T. P., Hidayati, H., & Chitra, B. P. (2024). The Representation Of Toxic Masculinity In The Power Of The Dog Movie. Fonologi: Jurnal Ilmuan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris, 2(1), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.61132/fonologi.v2i1.334
Nursalam, I., & Ibrahim, M. (2015). Fenomena Sosial Pilihan Hidup Tidak Menikah Wanita Karier. Jurnal Equilibrium Pendidikan Sosiologi, 3(1), 67–76. Https://Doi.Org/10.26618/Equilibrium.V3i1.514
Ogbugwa, M. (2023). Some Social Predictors Of Gamophobia Among Unmarried Postgraduate Students In Tertiary Institutions In Rivers State. British Journal Of Education, 11(1), 13–24. Https://Doi.Org/10.37745/Bje.2013/Vol11n11324
Ossai, M. O., & Chujor, C. J. (2023). Some Social Predictors Of Gamophobia Among Unmarried Postgraduate Students In Tertiary Institutions In Rivers State. British Journal Of Education, 11(1), 13–24. Https://Doi.Org/10.37745/Bje.2013/Vol11n11324
Padavic, I., Ely, R. J., & Reid, E. M. (2019). Explaining the Persistence of Gender Inequality: The Work– family Narrative as a Social Defense against the 24/7 Work Culture*. Administrative Science Quarterly, 65(1), 61-111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839219832310
Rader, N. E. (2009). Until Death Do Us Part? Husband Perceptions and Responses to Fear of Crime. Deviant Behavior, 31(1), 33–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620902854704
Rasyid, B., & Bahri, S. (2022). Gender Equality In The Global Research Publication: The Bibliometric Review And Scientific Visualization. Humanus, 21(1), 41. Https://Doi.Org/10.24036/Humanus.V21i1.115645
Reid, L. W., & Konrad, M. (2004). The Gender Gap in Fear: Assessing the Interactive Effects of Gender and Perceived Risk on Fear of Crime. Sociological Spectrum, 24(4), 399–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170490431331
Shulman, S., & Connolly, J. (2013). The Challenge of Romantic Relationships in Emerging Adulthood: Reconceptualization of the Field. Emerging Adulthood, 1(1), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696812467330
Silverio, S. A., Sheen, K. S., Bramante, A., Knighting, K., Koops, T. U., Montgomery, E., November, L., Soulsby, L. K., Stevenson, J. H., Watkins, M., Easter, A., & Sandall, J. (2022). Sensitive, Challenging, and Difficult Topics: Experiences and Practical Considerations for Qualitative Researchers. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221124739
Simon, J. B., Murphy, J. J., & Smith, S. M. (2005). Understanding and Fostering Family Resilience. The Family Journal, 13(4), 427-436. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480705278724
Sorum, P. C., Stein, C., & Moore, D. L. (2023). "Comprehensive Healthcare for America": Using the Insights of Behavioral Economics to Transform the U. S. Healthcare System. The Journal of law, medicine & ethics : a journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 51(1), 153–171. https://doi.org/10.1017/jme.2023.52
Tai-Hwan, K. (2007). Trends and Implications of Delayed and Non-Marriage in Korea. Asian Population Studies, 3(3), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730701746367
Tiara, A., Komaruddin, B., & Jannati, Z. (2023). Penerapan Konseling Individu Berbasis Islam Dalam Mengatasi Gamophobia: Studi Kasus Klien ‘W’. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Kemanusiaan, Dan Seni (JISHS), 1(2), 136–140. Https://Doi.Org/10.47233/Jishs.V1i2.672
Utaminingsih, A. (2017). Gender Dan Wanita Karir (Edisi 2017). UB Press. Https://Books.Google.Co.Id/Books/About/Gender_Dan_Wanita_Karir.Html?Id=Umxvdwaaqbaj
Utomo, A. J., Reimondos, A., Utomo, I. D., McDonald, P. F., & Hull, T. H. (2016). Transition Into Marriage In Greater Jakarta: Courtship, Parental Influence, And Self-Choice Marriage. South East Asia Research, 24(4), 492–509. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967828X16674134
Utomo, A., & McDonald, P. (2023). Beyond Later And Less Marriage In Asia: Reflections On Gavin W. Jones’ Contributions To The Scholarship On Marriage. Asian Population Studies, 20(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2023.2236307
Wei, J. (2022). Stretched Kinship: Parental Rejection and Acceptance of Queer Youth in Chinese Families. Journal of Homosexuality, 70(9), 1847–1866. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2043130
Willoughby, B. J., Hall, S. S., & Goff, S. (2014). Marriage Matters But How Much? Marital Centrality Among Young Adults. The Journal of Psychology, 149(8), 796–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2014.979128
Wong, K. M., & Cloninger, C. R. (2010). A Person-Centered Approach to Clinical Practice. Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing), 8(2), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1176/foc.8.2.foc199
Zhu, J., Bal, M., Zhou, X., Stok, M., & de Wit, J. (2024). Sustaining Heteronormativity in Marriage: How Chinese Newspapers Frame Heterosexual Marriage Undertaken by Chinese Queer People. Journal of Homosexuality, 72(3), 501–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2024.2322623
Zhu, J., Stok, M., Bal, M., & de Wit, J. (2022). Mapping the Antecedents, Conditions, and Consequences of Family Pressure that Drives Chinese Queer People into Heterosexual Marriage: A Systematic Review. LGBTQ+ Family: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 18(4), 339–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/27703371.2022.2094521
ZuharaI., MuflikhatiI., & KrisnatutiD. (2017). Stressor, Social Support, Coping Strategy, Stress, and Life Satisfaction of Married Woman Student. Journal of Family Sciences, 2(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.29244/jfs.2.1.1-14
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Khamdan Safiudin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
AN-NISA licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.