Weaving inequality: The reproduction of gender-based symbolic violence among ikat weavers in Kediri

The normalization of inequalities in working-time arrangements, pay, and training access raises concerns about the reproduction of gender-based symbolic violence among women workers in Kediri’s ikat weaving industry. This study aims to examine the reproduction of symbolic violence and power relations through women’s working-time arrangements, remuneration within gendered divisions of labor, and seniority and access to training. Using a critical qualitative approach and an intrinsic single-case study design, the study involved 12 participants from three weaving enterprises in Bandar Kidul, Kediri. Data were collected through interviews and observations, analyzed thematically, and triangulated to strengthen credibility. Three patterns emerged. First, the normalization of exploitative working hours involved unclear working hours, fear of job loss, the absence of overtime pay or bonuses, and habituation to production discipline. Second, the naturalization of wage inequality involved gendered divisions of labor, acceptance of compensation arrangements, and undervaluation of women’s weaving skills. Third, the reproduction of seniority involved respect for experience, limited access to design training for junior workers, and acceptance of corrections based on senior workers’ expertise. These patterns suggest that economic pressures and social legitimation jointly sustain inequality. Nevertheless, compliance does not necessarily imply full consent, and respect for senior expertise should be distinguished from the justification of unequal access. The study extends the application of Bourdieu’s theory to traditional crafts and supports working-time recordkeeping, pay transparency, recognition of women’s skills, safe grievance mechanisms, and equitable access to training.

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